За тези които не четат история само от букварите.
The CUMANS In Turkic called Kipchaks, by the Russians called Polovetses, the Cumans were a vast tribal confederation that at times stretched from the Aral Sea, across the Volgan and Ukrainian steppes, to as far west as Hungary. Normally they were organized by septs and tribes, with little in the way of overall cohesion. A warlike people, they fought incessantly against Russian Princes, but just as often involved themselves with various Russians against others. Destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century, western refugees migrated into Hungary and assimilated with that culture. Their lasting influence is diffuse and subtle, but far-reaching: Khazakhs, Uzbeks, and the Crimean Tatars are largely descended from Eastern Cumans. Qutb ad-Din Aibeg, founder of the Delhi sultanate, was a Cuman; redeemed from slavery by Afghan shakh Mahmud Ghuri, he became his governor in Delhi and proclaimed independence after the death of his patron. Egyptian Mamluks were also Cuman to a large degree, engaged in the Sultan's Guard, later to rebel and seize Egypt.
BASHKIR (Bashkorts) A Turkic people, possibly descended from the Bulgar horde of Bayan (the common Turkic word "Bashkir" becomes "Bilkir" or "Bilgir" translated into the Oghuric sub-branch, of which proto-Bulgarian is a part). They may alternatively have been of Finno-Ugrian origin. They live today between the Volga and the Urals, and beyond the Urals to some extent. Mediaeval travelers report them as practicing a phallocentric cult; but today the majority are Sunni Muslims - a significant minority are Eastern Orthodox Christian
The TURKS The Turkic peoples form a major ethnic group which has had an enormous impact on Central Asian and Levantine-Mediterranean history and culture for the past 1500 years. In their origins, they seem to have arisen as a Mongolic group in the broad and semi-arid steppes between Lake Balkhash to the southwest and Lake Baikal to the northeast - basically southwestern Siberia, northeastern Khazakhstan, northern Xinjiang, and western Mongolia. At some point before c. 400 CE they began spreading out, mostly southward and westward, although there are some Turkic speaking groups such as the Yakut who went north. In the 5th century CE, they began encountering literate opponents, and so pass into history. They threw off the hegemony of the Juan-Juan, establishing a vast but ill-defined nomad empire stretching across the central steppes. Quickly dividing into an Eastern and Western Qaganates, they endured until being rent asunder by newer peoples. Since that time, they have slowly differentiated into varying ethnoi, but their languages and dialects have remained very similar to one another. Various later Turkic nations dealt with in this archive include the Azerbaijani, the Balkari, the Bashkirs, the Cumans, the Khakass, the Khazakhi, the Khazars, the Kyrgyz, the Oghuzz, the Ottomans, the Pechenegs, the Qarakalpak, the Seljuqs, the T'u-Chueh, the Turkomans, the Uighur, the Uzbeks, and the Yakuts. It is likely that the various Mongol peoples, particularly the Tatar, are of Turkic descent to one degree or another. It is also likely that such peoples as the Burtas and the Magyars are distantly related to the Turks.
The PECHENEGS A semi-nomadic people of Turkic stock, emerging out of Central Asia from the 7th century CE. Their Qagans were apparently Manichaean refugees from Transoxiana, and may have had a connection to the Oghuz. In control of much of the land between the Don and the lower Danube by the 10th century, they forced the Magyars before them into central Europe and were harried incessantly by the Khazars behind them. Slowly driven southward by the Russians, they repeatedly raided Thrace, and were in almost continual conflict with the Byzantines (who referred to them as "Patzinaks"). Their power was broken once and for all in 1092, by a combined Byzantine-Cuman army, but they did not completely disappear before about 1200. They are fairly poorly documented, and the following list is very fragmentary.
The MAGYARS The original Hungarians, a tribal confederacy of seven related clans. The Magyars are by-and-large a Finno-Ugrian people, related to a degree to Finns, Karelians, and Estonians on the one hand, and Turkic peoples on the other. The original confederation, consisting of the Magyari (Madjary), Nyék (Nyak), Kari, Kasi, Taryán, Kurt-Djarmat, and Yenö tribes, was augmented by three dissident Khazar clans, collectively called the Kabars, and the seven plus three formed the "On Oghur" ("Ten Arrows") Confederation; some think that "On Oghur" is the source behind the modern term "Hungary".
http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/siberia.html
